- John Ruskin 1819-1900 - modern = better then something old - better form of what came before
- 1900 - Paris, city of modernity
- Society moved away from farming and agriculture
- Urbanisation saw shift from rural life to cramped spaces
- Life = no longer dominated by sunrise and sunset, but factory life and having to pick up the pace of life to make more profit
- Work, sleep, work, sleep pattern
- Trottoir Roullant (electric moving walkway) - get around Paris without having to walk
- Secularisation - turning away from religion, turning towards science
- Eiffel tower built
- Paris 1850s = new paris
- Parisian architecture bulldozed - new sweeping streets, make modern life easier
- Centre expensive and affluent for the rich classes
- 1890 - birth of psychological science and mental understanding
- Work begins to dominate life
- 1905 cameras capture the modern world in better way than painting
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